Ancient Egypt survives to this day

SAITE TIMELINE 1990-2004

SAITE TIMELINE 1990 TO 2004

1991 AD--Now that the Mars Colony is mostly self-sufficient (at least in the basic
necessities of life), construction begins on industrial and other facilities which will make
the Red Planet economically viable as well. Factories are built to produce various
equipment, and mining of the Martian surface for metals of various kinds begins.
Scientific research also begins to answer a question which has fascinated mankind for
ages...was there, at some point, life on Mars? And does life still exist there? On the
moon, construction has begun on a third major base, to be located on the northeast shore
of the Mare Nubium.

1992 AD--In the years since meat animals were introduced on the moon, some problems
have arisen. It has been found impossible to produce enough feed for the animals on the
moon itself, making imports from earth necessary. And, because of this factor, no meat
animals have been introduced on Mars as of yet, except fish, which are relatively easy to
maintain in a large tank and do not require large amounts of feed. As a result, the
population there lives on a very monotonous vegetable and fish diet, supplemented
occasionally by frozen meat transported from earth in small quantities. In response to
these problems, scientists have been working on an alternate means of producing
meat...without having to raise live animals...called the Bio-Reactor. It has been found
that fresh muscle tissue, if treated with a special growth serum and electrically stimulated
(to simulate the effect of exercise), can be kept alive and will grow. It has taken a couple
of decades of work to make the process work and the product thus produced palatable,
but in mid-1992, the first artificially produced meat is secretly introduced into the
restaurants on the moon in a test, and the consumers there notice no difference between
beef, chicken and pork produced in the Bio-Reactor and that produced by conventional
means. With the success of the new product, the lunar animal population is reduced to
the point where it can be supported by feed produced on the moon itself, and the moon is
now totally self sufficient. Teysas and Arizonac both launch communications satellites.
They apply for admission to ISEP later that year, and are accepted.

1993 AD--The first Bio-Reactors are transported to Mars and begin production of meat
there, allowing a very welcome supplement to the Martian diet. Also in this year, an
international economic summit is held in Ocmulgee (OTL Macon, Georgia), capital of the
Creek Confederacy. At this summit, a treaty is agreed upon which creates a world-wide
currency system. All national currencies are to be gradually phased out and replaced by
the international currency within 20 years.

1994 AD--Ten years after the establishment of the Mars colony, there are now over 5,000
humans living on Mars. Additional living quarters and agricultural facilities have been
built, as needed, to accommodate the growing population. In May, the Creek
Confederacy applies for admission to ISEP, and is admitted. The Mandan Confederacy
will follow suit later that same year. The only nation left which is not a member of ISEP
is Zaire, which is also the most economically depressed nation in the world and thus does
not have the funds for a space program.

1995 AD--At a conference held in Kumbi Saleh, capital of the Ghana Empire, the future
of mankind’s exploration of space is discussed. It is agreed that the primary value of the
Martian colony will be as a base for the launch of missions to the asteroid belt and
Jupiter, and that preparations for these missions will need to begin. A proposal is made
to investigate the possibility of terraforming Mars with the aim of eventually producing a
planet-wide earthlike environment there. After much discussion, this proposal is also
adopted.

1996 AD--Scientists discover the first fossilized lifeforms on Mars. It seems that much
of Mars was once covered by a shallow sea, and fossils of simple single-celled (similar to
earth bacteria) and multi-cellular plant and animal life (similar to algae and sponges on
earth) are discovered. However, nothing more advanced will ever be found...apparently
shortly after those life-forms came into existence, the great disaster...whatever it
was...which caused Mars to lose most of it’s atmosphere and liquid surface water
occurred, and life was extinguished on the planet. Sadly, scientists will never find
evidence that native life still exists on the planet (it had been hoped that simple
bacteria-like life might still survive in the permafrost layer or in the icecaps, but none is
ever found).

1997 AD--Emperor Lee Kai Wang of China dies, and is succeeded by his son, Lee Ching
Ho. On Mars, construction begins on a space port, from where eventually missions will
be launched to the asteroid belt (where high-value, almost pure platinum-group metal ores
can be mined) and Jupiter (whose atmosphere is rich in Helium 3 and which is planned to
eventually replace the moon as the Earth’s primary source of Helium 3), and a shipyard to
build spacecraft. On the moon, the third major base, on the Mare Nubium, is completed.
Also in this year, construction begins on a second Mars settlement.

1998 AD--It is realized by ISEP that the current rockets available are probably not
adequate for a manned mission to the asteroid belt, let alone to Jupiter. The distance
from Mars to the asteroid belt is nearly as much as the distance from Mars to the
Sun...about 140,000,000 miles. And Jupiter lies another 200,000,000 miles beyond the
asteroid belt. Even the currently available nuclear fusion rocket would take about four to
five months to reach the asteroids from Mars, and almost a year to reach Jupiter. Such
long exposure to the cosmic radiation of space would certainly be detrimental, and
possibly deadly, to the crew. So in 1998 research into alternate methods of propulsion
begins, as well as research to improve the Isp produced by the nuclear fusion rocket
(whose theoretical, probably unreachable maximum Isp would be 100,000, so there is
plenty of room for improvement of this technology). It is recognized that this project will
take quite a few years to complete.

1999 AD--Construction begins on a fourth major base on the moon. It will be located on
the south shore of the Mare Imbrium. Additional industrial complexes will be built there
as well (mining and agriculture).

2000 AD-- As the new millennium dawns, over 75,000 people now live on the moon.
Over the past decade, a political movement has taken root there, seeking independence
from ISEP control and the formation of a local government for the moon. This
movement is opposed by ISEP, but no formal crackdown has been made.

2001 AD--The first Lunar General Assembly is held, composed of representatives elected
by the people of the various lunar bases. This gathering, which does not have the
sanction of ISEP, votes to petition the individual ISEP member governments for support
in allowing the people of the moon to assume self-government. Representatives are sent
to Earth later that year and begin negotiations in many nations.

2002 AD--At a meeting of the ISEP governing council called by King Tekanemin XI of
Ghana to discuss the developing political situation on the moon, Inca Emperor Capac
Yupanqui X sponsors a resolution calling for local self-government for the people of the
Moon. He is supported by Egypt, the Norse Kingdom, Ghana, and Teysas, the Creek
Confederacy, and Russia. Rome, China, Arizonac and the Mandan Confederacy vote
against. The United Islamic Republic abstains. The measure passes. Negotiations begin
with the Lunar General Assembly on the conditions on which lunar independence will be
based.

2003 AD--An agreement has been reached between the ISEP nations and the Lunar
General Assembly as to the basis for lunar independence are concluded. Official elections
for a new Lunar General Assembly are to be held next year. Ownership of the Helium 3
mines and processing plants on the moon will remain in the hands of the terrestrial
powers, but they will pay a small excise tax on all Helium 3 shipped from the moon to
earth (this tax will be the lunar government’s primary source of revenue, along with taxes
on lunar hotel rooms and related items). ISEP will withdraw it’s security forces, to be
replaced by forces of the new government. The new “nation†will be called The Republic
of Luna.


2004 AD--In Egypt, preparations are underway for a huge celebration marking the 40th
anniversary of the accession of Pharaoh Seti XIV to the throne. Meanwhile, in July 2004,
elections are held in the new Republic of Luna. In September 2004, Luna applies for
admittance to, and is accepted into, ISEP as a member with full rights and privileges...the
first extraterrestrial member of the organization. Twenty years after the establishment of
the Mars Colony, there are now over 10,000 people living on the Red Planet.

Below is a map of the Republic of Luna as it stands in 2004. Note the new bases on the Mare Imbrium and the Mare Nubium and the industrial complexes on the Mare Imbrium.

moonbasemap4.jpg
 
Nicely done. So, if you decide to submit this to the ICN, are you gonna wait for 2004 to roll along, or will you backtrack to the 70s? It would make a great addition to the ICN... :D
 
DominusNovus said:
Nicely done. So, if you decide to submit this to the ICN, are you gonna wait for 2004 to roll along, or will you backtrack to the 70s? It would make a great addition to the ICN... :D

What is the ICN? :confused:
 
DominusNovus said:
My group with a bunch of parellel worlds. Stands for Interplanar Confederation of Nations. Didn't you express some interest earlier in the thread?

Oh! Well, to be honest, I didn't really know you had such a thing. I checked it out and it looks interesting, so I may very well join it... :)
 
Phaeton said:
Great Job Robert....This is an Timeline that needs to be published. Once Again Grads,

Well, thank you...and thank everyone who has enjoyed the timeline. It's not quite over yet. I am redoing the first couple of sections (covering the period from 700 BC to 12 AD...the ones that were just basic scenarios and not detailed timelines) and converting them into full-fledged timelines too. So I will be posting these here pretty soon (as well as posting them on my own website...).
 
SAITE TIMELINE, 718 BC TO 500 BC

718-712 BC--Reign of Pharaoh Wahkare (Bocchoris), of the Saite 24th Dynasty. Wahkare abolishes debt slavery, and grants to the tenants who farm the royal lands title to the lands they farm, establishing a class of land-owning bourgeoisie called the "nemhu" which will eventually exert profound influence on Egypt's future history.ªª

712 BC--King Shabaka of Kush invades Egypt and conquers the country. Pharaoh Wahkare is killed. Beginning of the Kushite 25th Dynasty.ª

700 BC--Death of Pharaoh Shabaka of Egypt. He is succeeded by Sabataka.ªª

c. 700 BC--Hellenic (Greek) colonization spreads to southern Italy, Asia Minor, Black Sea. Greek colonies have existed on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor for a couple of centuries.ª

688 BC--Death of Pharaoh Sabataka of Egypt. He is succeeded by Taharka.ª

671 BC--King Esarhaddon of Assyria invades Egypt and sacks the Egyptian capital at Memphis. Pharaoh Taharka, of the Kushite 25th Dynasty, is forced to flee from Egypt. Esarhaddon, in contrast to usual Assyrian practice, is moderate in the implementation of the occupation of Egypt compared to past policies in other provinces, respecting local traditions as far as possible. The Assyrians show special interest for Egyptian experts, such as physicians, artisans and military specialists who are often deported to Assyria. The acquisition of horses from Egypt is of major importance to the Assyrians. Esarhaddon appoints various native noblemen as governors, functionaries and scribes in the provinces of Egypt.

670 BC--Prince Necho I of Sais, a descendant of Pharaoh Wahkare, is appointed governor over the regions of Sais and Memphis in Egypt.ª

c. 670 BC--Miletus (Greek city on the Aegean Coast of Asia Minor) begins founding colonies both in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea.

669 BC--Death of Esarhaddon of Assyria. Ashurbanipal takes the throne. Taharka of Kush (former Pharaoh of Egypt who was forced to flee by Esarhaddon) returns to Egypt with a Kushite army and tries to reconquer the land. Prince Necho, along with many other Egyptian governors appointed by Esarhaddon, ally themselves with Taharka.
ªª
668 BC--Ashurbanipal of Assyria invades Egypt, defeats Taharka, and drives the Kushites from Egypt for the final time. Necho I of Sais is captured by Ashurbanipal and taken, with his sons, to Assyria. His son Psamtik thus spends several years at the Assyrian court, and his observations while there will influence all later Egyptian history. Meanwhile, at Thebes, Mentuemhet, Governor of the South and Prince of Thebes, restores Thebes and continues to rule the Thebaid for many years as an Assyrian vassal.ª
ª
663 BC--Necho I dies in Assyria. Prince Psamtik is allowed to return to Egypt after taking an oath of loyalty to the Assyrian king. He rules over Lower Egypt from Sais.ª

657 BC--Megara founds Byzantium.

655 BC--Psamtik I of Sais declares independence from Assyria and proclaims himself Pharaoh of Lower Egypt. Thus begins the 26th Dynasty. Shortly afterward, Mentuemhet of Thebes declares himself Pharaoh of Upper Egypt. Ashurbanipal, caught up in troubles of his own closer to home, is unable to restore Assyrian rule in Egypt.ª

655 BC to 609 BC--In a long reign, Pharaoh Psamtik I establishes the pattern of kingship which will prevail in the new dynasty. Psamtik had spent much of his youth in Assyria, where the kings-while very powerful-were never considered to be divine. Therefore, the attitude of the Saite Pharaohs towards the kingship will be radically different from the Egyptian tradition. The lifestyle of the pharaohs of Sais will be much less ostentatious, to the point of being considered frugal by contemporary writers. And there will be no return to the ancient traditions under later kings (except for one notorious incident which will be described later in the timeline). Psamtik will strengthen royal power over the provincial warlords and the priesthood by abrogating feudal and clerical immunities and privileges. Another policy of Psamtik which will have profound influences on later history is his encouragement of Greek settlement within Egypt. Psamtik will make extensive use of Greek mercenaries in the army, and Psamtik will build a cities, the greatest of which is called Naukratis, where Greek scholars and merchants will be settled, and endow these Greek communities with land and rights. These Greeks will make many contributions to Egypt's development in the years to come.

654 BC--Carthage, a colony of the Phoenician city of Tyre located in OTL Tunisia on the North African coast, founds a colony in the Balearic Islands at Ibiza.

c. 650 BC--Psamtik I defeats Mentuemhet of Thebes and establishes control over Upper Egypt, reunifying the country. Psamtik begins wearing the Double Crown to signify his rulership of all Egypt.ª

c. 650 BC--King Gyges of Lydia introduces the world's first standardized money, in the form of electrum coins, stamped with the king's seal. The idea will eventually spread throughout the world, and replace barter economies with money economies.ª

650 BC--Perdiccas Temenid founds the Macedonian kingdom with capital at Aegeae (Vergina).

640 BC--Sparta adopts a militaristic form of government.

632 BC--Athens abolishes the monarchy in favor of an oligarchy.

c.630 BC--Greek settlers from Thera found the city of Cyrene, on the northern coast of Libya.ªª

628 BC--Birth of Zoroaster, founder of the Persian national religion, Zoroastrianism.ª

627-626 BC--King Ashurbanipal of Assyria dies in 627 BC. He has twin sons, Ashur-etil-ilani and Sin-shar-ishkun. Ashurbanipal has named Ashur-etil-ilani as his successor, but Sin-shar-ishkun does not recognize this and so begins a civil war that lasts until the latter gains the throne. This civil war will weaken Assyria considerably and open the door to uprisings by various oppressed peoples within the Assyrian Empire.ª

626 BC--King Nabopolasser of Babylon revolts and successfully overthrows Assyrian rule. He makes an alliance with King Cyaxares of the Medes against Assyria.ª

625-612 BC--Nabopolasser of Babylon and Cyaxares of Media wage war against Assyria, and the Assyrian army gradually falls apart after repeated defeats at the hands of the allies. Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt, who wishes to maintain Assyria as a weakened buffer state against the rising power of Babylon, sends the Egyptian army northward, under the command of his son, Prince Necho, in 618 BC, and for a while the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces are able to stem the Babylonian and Median advance. Indeed, in 616 BC, the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces advance to within 300 km of Babylon itself before being forced to retreat. But in 614 BC, Cyaxares of Media captures and sacks Ashur, the original capital and spiritual center of Assyria, and two years later, in 612 BC, the Babylonians and Medes capture and sack Nineveh. King Shin-shar-ishkun of Assyria dies in his burning palace. Prince Ashur-uballit escapes to Haran, where he declares himself King Ashur-uballit II of Assyria and tries to rally the remaining Assyrian forces around him. Nabopolasser and Cyaxares divide the former Assyrian Empire among themselves.ª

621 BC--Draco establishes the first Athenian code of law. The code is extremely harsh (Draco's name will become synonymous with harsh...or DRACONIAN...measures in future times).

616 BC--The Etruscans conquer the small Latin town of Rome in Italy. Tarquinius I Priscus becomes King of Rome. Etruscan kings will reign there for the next 100 years.ª

610 BC--The Babylonian army, under the command of Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar, besieges the remnant Assyrian forces at Haran. Pharaoh Psamtik I sends an Egyptian army, under the command of Crown Prince Necho, northward to the relief of the besieged Assyrians, but Necho is delayed by Josiah, King of Judah, who attacks Necho's army at Megiddo (and is defeated, at the cost of his own life). As a result, Haran falls to the Babylonians, Ashur-uballit II of Assyria is killed, and the Assyrians are finally defeated. End of the Assyrian Empire. Necho, learning of the defeat of his Assyrian allies, continues his advance north, captures the city of Kadesh in Syria, finally advances all the way to the Euphrates. An uneasy peace settles as the Egyptians and Babylonians watch each other across the river.ªAlso in this year, Miletus founds a trading post in Egypt.

609 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt dies. Crown Prince Necho returns to Egypt to assume the throne as Pharaoh Necho II. On his way back to Egypt, he stops off in Jerusalem long enough to depose Josiah's son, Jehoahaz II, taking him in chains back to Egypt, where he will die in exile. Necho installs Jehoiakim, another of Josiah's sons, as vassal King of Judah.ªª

c. 606 BC--Pharaoh Necho II, who at this time is temporarily in control of Phoenicia, hires Phoenician shipwrights to build a fleet of ships for the purpose of exploring the coastline of the African continent.ªªª

605 BC--Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon defeats the Egyptian army at Carchemish, on the Euphrates. Nebuchadnezzar pursues the defeated Egyptians all the way to the borders of Egypt. Along the way he confirms Jehoiakim as vassal King of Judah.ª

604 BC--King Nabopolassar of Babylon dies. Crown prince Nebuchadnezzar returns to Babylon to assume the throne as King Nebuchadnezzar II.ªª

603-600 BC--The Egyptian exploration fleet, being built at the orders of Pharaoh Necho II by Phoenician shipwrights at an Egyptian port on the Red Sea, sets sail. The fleet, manned by a mixed force of Egyptian soldiers and Phoenician sailors, sails south along the African coast. Each autumn they come ashore and plant the land in whatever part of the coast they have reached, and there await the harvest; then, having gathered the crop, they sail on. And so, in this manner, they circumnavigate the African continent. In 600 BC they pass through the Pillars of Heracles (the Straits of Gibraltar) and return to Egypt. As a result of the knowledge gained from this voyage of exploration, Necho is able to renew contacts with Ophir...what would in the OTL become Zimbabwe in Southern Africa. Ophir had been, since the days of the Old Kingdom, a source of fabulous wealth, especially gold. Necho establishes regular trading voyages to Ophir, and gold begins to flow into Egyptian coffers, greatly strengthening the Egyptian monarchy.ª
ª
601 BC--King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon attempts an invasion of Egypt, but is defeated by Pharaoh Necho II at Pelusium and forced to retreat back to Babylon. The Egyptian army also suffers large casualties and is unable to exploit the victory. However, Necho does support rebellions by Babylonian vassal kings in Syria and Palestine, including Jehoiakim of Judah.ª

600 BC--Rome conquers the city of Alba Longa.ªAlso in this year, Carthage fails to prevent the establishment of the Phocaean Greek colony at Massilia (Marseilles).

c. 600 BC onward--Pharaoh Necho II and his successors use the gold of Ophir to finance a reorganization of the Egyptian military. Necho and his successors were, in the OTL, somewhat innovative militarily, at least for Egyptians. They used Greek mercenary troops, for example, but this was limited by the lack of a strong treasury. In this ATL, with the gold of Ophir at his disposal, they raise a large infantry force, mostly native but supplemented by mercenaries, which is armed, equipped, and trained as Greek Hoplites. This force is supplemented by a large force of Egyptian and Nubian archers. They abandon their chariots and adopt armored horse archers and lancers based on those of the Assyrians and Babylonians. They also build a large navy and merchant fleet, based on Greek and Phoenician designs. With this revamped force, Egypt is much better able to defend itself and to expand than it was at the same period in the OTL. The continuing influx of gold from Ophir will allow later Pharaohs to perform reorganizations of the military as changing tactics and military technology call for it.ª

c. 600 BC to c. 350 BC--Expansion of Egypt in Africa. The rediscovery of Ophir leads to a reorientation of Egyptian foreign policy and military activity which lasts for the next two centuries. During this period Necho and his successors will not attempt anymore to expand into Asia, but will remain on the defensive there, instead focusing on expansion southward into Africa, which they recognize as the source of their wealth. Necho's successors Psamtik II and Wahibre I will conquer the Kingdoms of Kush and Axum (most of modern-day Sudan and Ethiopia). This gives the Egyptians ports on the Horn of Africa (much closer to the mines of Ophir), puts them in a good position to trade with India and other exotic regions, and Egypt grows wealthier still. Over the succeeding years, Egypt establishes a network of trading posts and military garrisons along the east coast of Africa, and then expands out from these to bring the entire coast of East Africa under their control. Finally, in the reign of Pharaoh Psamtik VII, an Egyptian army invades and occupies Ophir itself, bringing the region firmly under Egyptian control, where it will remain.ª

598-597 BC--King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon returns to Syria and Palestine and once again brings the rebellious vassals under control. King Jehoiakim of Judah dies under mysterious circumstances shortly before the arrival of the Babylonians before the gates of Jerusalem, and his son Jehoiachin is anointed King. Jehoiachin appeals to Pharaoh Necho for aid, but none is forthcoming, and so he surrenders to the Babylonians in 597 BC, after reigning for a mere three months. Nebuchadnezzar II deposes Jehoiachin, and appoints Zedekiah as the new vassal King of Judah. Jehoiachin and 10,000 of his subjects are taken into captivity in Babylonia.ª

594 BC--Pharaoh Necho II, known as "Gold Finder" because of his discovery and renewal of Egyptian ties to Ophir, dies. He is succeeded by Psamtik II. Psamtik will focus on campaigns in Nubia, and thus Egypt takes no active role in the affairs of Syria-Palestine at this time.ªAlso in this year, Solon founds the Athenian democracy. He was heavily influenced by his observations of Egyptian society and law during a visit to Egypt a few years before.ª

588 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik II dies, and is succeeded by Wahibre I. Wahibre disagrees with his father's policies, which have oriented Egyptian efforts at expansion to the south, and will soon begin to interfere in Syria-Palestine once again.ª

587 BC--Pharaoh Wahibre I forms an alliance with the King of Tyre and King Zedekiah of Jerusalem. Bolstered by promises of Egyptian aid, these kings lead a revolt against the rule of King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar calls on his loyal vassals to assail the rebels while he gathers his army. Judah is assailed by forces from Samaria, Moab, Ammon, and Edom, while Tyre is assailed by a coalition of Phoenician and Cypriot city-states lead by the King of Sidon.ª

586 BC--Pharaoh Wahibre I receives appeals for aid from the Kings of Tyre and Judah. He sends a fleet which which defeats the Babylonian fleet (the combined navies of the allied Phoenician and Cypriot city states) and takes Sidon. Sidon is sacked and Wahibre's fleet returns to Egypt with much booty. Meanwhile, Nebuchadnezzar had arrived at Jerusalem and laid siege to the city. Wahibre marches north from Egypt in an attempt to relieve their Judean allies, and is defeated and forced to retreat back into Egypt. Jerusalem falls, and is sacked. The Temple of Solomon is razed to the ground along with the rest of the city, King Zedekiah is blinded and lead off to Babylon in chains along with the rest of the royal household, and most of the population is carried off into captivity. The Kingdom of Judah ceases to exist, and the Babylonian Captivity begins.ª

585 BC--King Cyaxares of the Medes dies, and is succeeded by Astyages. Later that year, Astyges is victorious over King Alyattes of Lydia in the Battle of the Eclipse (May 25, 585 BC). The border between the Median Empire and Lydia is set at the Halys River.ª

582 BC: The Pythian games are established in Delphi and the Isthmian games are established in Corinth.

580 BC--First attempt by the Greeks to drive the Phoenicians out of Sicily. The attempt is unsuccessful.ª

574 BC--The Phoenician city of Tyre falls to Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. It's colony at Carthage is left to it's own devices.ª

570 BC--Pharaoh Wahibre receives an appeal for aid from the King of Libya against the Greek colony at Cyrene, which has, since it's founding in 630 BC, had strained relations with the native Libyans of the region. Wahibre leads an Egyptian army westward, but it is severely defeated by the Greeks of Cyrene. A revolt breaks out among the native Egyptian contingent of the army, where rumour has it that the Pharaoh intentionally lead them to defeat. As Herodotus would later write..."The Egyptians blamed him for this and rebelled against him; for they thought that the Pharaoh had knowingly sent his men to their doom, so that after their death his rule over the rest of the Egyptians would be strengthened. Bitterly angered by this, those who returned home and the friends of the slain rose against him."ªªAlso in this year, the first coins are minted by Athens.

569-566 BC--Civil War in Egypt. In response to the rebellion in the native Egyptian contingents of the army, Wahibre sends Ahmosi, his son and one of his most trusted generals, to negotiate with the rebels. But when Ahmosi arrives at the rebel camp, the rebels "put a helmet on his head from behind, saying it was the token of royalty," and declare him the new king. Ahmosi decides "it is good to be the king," goes over to the rebels, and leads the rebel army against Wahibre. Wahibre rallies the mercenary contingent of the army and attempts to put down the insurrection with these forces, but is defeated and forced to flee from Sais. Ahmosi is crowned Pharoah, and takes the throne as Ahmosi II. However, Wahibre I continues to claim the kingship, and gathers another mercenary army while in exile in Upper Egypt. Finally, in 566 BC, Wahibre I, at the head of his mercenary army, attempts to retake the throne of Egypt from Ahmosi II. He is defeated and killed. Wahibre will go down in history as "Wahibre the Unlucky."

569-525 BC--Reign of Ahmosi II, who will be known as "the Wise" because of the many reforms he will enact that will greatly strengthen the kingdom. Ahmosi drastically reduces proportion of mercenaries in army and reduces the term of service for native troops, ending a continual problem with army revolts. With regard to foreign policy, Ahmosi once again focuses on Africa and ceases to intrigue in Palestine and Syria. He concludes a treaty with King Amel Marduk of Babylon which recognizes Babylon's claim to these lands and establishes the border between the two empires. Ahmosi also establishes the world's first income tax. According the Herodotus, he established a law that "every year each one of the Egyptians should declare to the ruler of his district, from what source he got his livelihood, and if any man did not do this or did not make declaration of an honest way of living, he should be punished with death." Ahmosi exempts members of the Egyptian Army from this tax, thus making military service more attractive to native Egyptians. Because of the flow of gold from Ophir and the huge trade profits Egypt is raking in, the income taxes are very low, and unlike OTL, the people do not feel overburdened by taxation. Ahmosi also disposes of the goods of the temples as he sees fit. Just as the military nobles had been neutralized by absorbing many of them into the royal administration, the priests are turned into officials of the monarchy too, and their upkeep and that of their temples becomes the responsibility of the royal treasury. The threat to the monarchy posed by the power of the priestly class is broken. Thus by the end of Ahmose II’s reign the foundations have been laid for a very stable, prosperous, and secure society, which will remain so for a long, long time.
562 BC--Death of King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. He is succeeded by Amel Marduk.ª

560 BC--Death of King Amel Marduk of Babylon. He is succeeded by Nergalsharusur. Also in this year, Lydian king Croesus conquers Ionia, except Miletus, and the temple of Artemis at Ephesus is built. This temple will eventually become one of the seven wonders of the world.ª

559 BC--Cyrus II comes to the throne of Anshan, a Persian sub-kingdom of the Median Empire. Cyrus is a vassal of the Median king, Astyages. Cyrus will establish the Persian Empire and be known to history as "Cyrus the Great."

556 BC--Death of King Nergalsharusur of Babylon. He is succeeded by Labashi Marduk. However, Labashi Marduk dies the same year, and is succeeded by Nabunaid (Nabonidus).

550 BC--Cyrus II of Anshan revolts against King Astyages of Media. Astyages is defeated and killed. Cyrus takes control of the Median Empire, which will henceforth be known as the Persian Empire. Also in this year, Carthage allies with the Etruscans against the Greeks. A Carthaginian force led by Malchus defeats the Greeks in Sicily, but is vanquished in Sardinia. Malchus is banished, and in response marches on Carthage, but is caught and executed.

c. 550 BC onward--Carthaginian presence in the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Carthaginian colonies formed along coast of Africa, Algeria, Hadrumetum, Leptis.

547 BC--Cyrus II of Persia defeats King Croesus of Lydia at the Battle of the Halys River. Persia absorbs all of Asia Minor, and assumes Lydia's overlordship of the Greek colonies o the Aegean coastline.ª

546 BC--The Tyrant Peisistratus overthrows democracy in Athens, and Sparta forms the Peloponnesean League.

539 BC--King Cyrus II of Persia takes Babylon. All of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine come under Persian rule.ª

538-Upon capturing Babylon, King Cyrus II of Persia issues an edict of religious toleration and allows the Jews (who had been deported to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar) to return to their homeland. 42,360 Jews plus 7,337 servants return to Jerusalem with Zerubbabel, Sheshbazzar, and Jeshua. In October of that year, the Jews finish building the foundation of the temple. An altar and sacrificial offering to the Lord is made on the foundation of the temple. At this time the Samaritans and other neighboring nations complain to Cyrus and such influence is brought to bear on Cyrus's court at the imperial capital that the government suspends their building permit. Because of this opposition, all further work on the building of the temple will be suspended until the 2nd year of Darius the Great, about 520 BC.

535 BC--Carthage, with the Etruscans, destroys the Phocaean colony in Corsica and closes Sardinia-Corsica off to the Greeks.

530 BC--Pythagoras founds Mathematics.

525 BC--Pharaoh Ahmosi II "The Wise" dies, and is succeeded by his son, Psamtik III. Later that same year, the Persian army, under King Cambyses, invades Egypt. The Egyptian army meets them at Pelusium, and the Persians are crushed. However, the Egyptians also take heavy casualties, and do not pursue the defeated Persians.ª

c. 525 BC--The first Greek Tragedies are written. Among the writers are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.

523 BC--Cambyses again attempts the invasion of Egypt. His army is again defeated, and Cambyses is killed.ªª

523-522 BC--Civil War in the Persian Empire. Upon the death of King Cambyses, there is a struggle for the succession to the Persian throne. Gaumata, a pretender who claims to be a son of King Cyrus II named Smerdis who had actually been killed some years earlier, assumes the throne, but is disputed by another prince of the Achaemenid House, who finally defeats Gautama in 522 BC and assumes the throne as King Darius I.

520 BC-516 BC--Completion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. ªIn September 520 BC, in the 2nd year of King Darius, the Prophet Haggai began to stir up the people of Judah and Jerusalem to start building on the foundation for the temple which had been laid in 538 BC, and later that month the Jewish governor Zerubbabel and the high priest Jeshua, along with the rank and file of the people, began to rebuild the 2nd temple on the foundation that was laid 16 years before. This task will take over three years, and will be completed in February 516 BC.ª

510 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik III invades Palestine, but is killed in battle against the Persians, leaving no heirs. He is succeeded by general in the army who is a cousin from a related family Sais and takes the throne as Pharaoh Rameses XIII. Beginning of the 27th (Saite) Dynasty.ªAlso in this year, Athens joins the Peloponesean League, and the temple of Ceres at Paestum (in Italy) is built.

509 BC--Revolution in Rome. The last Etruscan King, Tarquinius Superbus, is expelled. Founding of the Roman Republic.ª

509-505 BC--War between Egypt and Persia. King Darius I of Persia invades Egypt in 509 BC, but his army is defeated by that of Pharaoh Rameses XIII at Pelusium. Rameses tries an invasion of Palestine the next year, but his invasion is no more successful, and he is forced to retreat to Egypt. The war will drag on for a further two years, mainly fought between the rival fleets in the Mediterranean, until a treaty is signed, establishing the border between the two empires.ª

508 BC--Attack on Rome by the Etruscan general Lars Porsena. Rome is able to withstand the attack. Several Roman noblewomen, including Cloelia, swim the Tiber River to escape from Lars Porsenna and his men.ªAlso in this year, the last of the Tyrants is overthrown in Athens, and democracy is restored. Cleisthenes grants full rights to all free men of Athens.

507 BC--First treaty between Carthage and Rome.

506 BC--A planned invasion of Rome by ousted King Tarquinius Superbus and an army of Etruscans is defeated by the Latin League and Greeks lead by Aristodemos of Cumae in a battle at Aricia. Also in this year, a Roman noble named Horatius Cocles stops an invasion, when he bars the bridge into Rome. While he is defending the bridge, the consuls Sp. Lartius and T. Herminius chop it down to prevent the enemy crossing. Horatius swims, fully armored across the Tiber to safety.

505 BC--A temple to Apollo is built at Delphi.

500 BC--Death of Pharaoh Rameses XIII. He is succeeded by Necho III.ª
 
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SAITE TIMELINE, 500 BC TO 300 BC

499 B.C.--Ionian Greek cities (on Aegean coast of Anatolia) rebel against the Persians. The Ionians call on their cousins on the Greek mainland for aid. Miletus also calls on Pharaoh Necho III, who sends money and troops.Â*

498 B.C.--Athens at war with Aegina. Also in this year, Hippocrates and Theron seize control in Syracuse and attempt to throw the Phoenicians off the western part of the island. They are unsuccessful, once again.Â*

497 B.C.--Athenians responds to the Ionian request for help and attacks Sardis (former capital of Lydia, now the headquarters of the Persian Satrap who rules over Ionia). In cooperation with Ionian and Egyptian forces, Sardis is captured and burned. King Darius I of Persia gathers a large army to crush the revolt, which is clearly beyond the capability of the local satrap.Â*

495 B.C.--Persians capture the Ionian city of Miletus, despite Athenian and Egyptian aid to that city. King Darius burns the city to the ground. Most of the population escapes and settles in Egypt. With the fall of Miletus, the Ionian revolt falls apart, and the remaining Greek cities in the region surrender to the Persians by the end of the year.Â*

494 B.C.--The Spartans under Cleomenes, who are in favor of resistance against the Persians, defeat the Argives, who were in favor of submitting to the Persians.Â*

494 BC--First Secession of the Plebeians in Rome. Creation of the tribunes of the plebs, two of whom are elected annually. Creation of the office of aedile for the plebeians of Rome, held by two men.

490-485 BC--Vowing revenge on those who aided the Ionian revolt, King Darius I of Persia declares war on Egypt and Athens. He sends two armies of invasion, both of which are defeated (by the Athenians at Marathon and by Egypt at Pelusium).Â*Â*Throughout the rest of Darius's reign, there will be continuing, low-intensity warfare between Persia on the one hand and Egypt and Athens on the other. The war is fought mainly at sea, with neither side gaining a clear advantage.Â*

489 B.C.: Expedition of Miltiades of Athens to Paros. Death of Cleomenes of Sparta.

485 BC--Death of King Darius I of Persia. He is succeeded by his son, Xerxes I. Xerxes vows to continue the war against Egypt and Athens.Â*Â*

481 BC--Athens, Sparta, and other Greek cities form the Hellenic League against Persia. Egypt provides some financial support, which allows the Greeks to build their military somewhat more rapidly, but not dramatically more so.Â*

480 BC--A Carthaginian force under Hamilcar the Magonid is defeated by Sicilian Greeks at Himera cutting off Carthaginian access to the East. Hamilcar commits suicide on the battlefield. In the wake of this defeat a revolution overthrows the Magonid dynasty and establishes the Court of 104 Magistrates. Beginning of the Carthaginian Republic.Â*

480-479 BC--King Xerxes of Persia invades Greece, and the invasion proceeds pretty much as in OTL. The Greeks fail to hold the Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae. Athens is captured and burned, but the Persian navy is defeated at Salamis, and the Persian army at Plataea. Xerxes retreats back to Asia, but Macedonia and Thrace remain under Persian control.Â*

479-450 BC--Re-buffed in Sicily, Carthage focuses on Africa, conquering most of what is now Tunisia. Colonies in North Africa founded or strengthened. Mago's expedition crosses the Sahara.

478 BC--King Xerxes of Persia concludes a peace treaty with Pharaoh Necho III of Egypt, ending the war between them. An uneasy peace will reign between the two empires...with a few small exceptions...for the next century. Egypt will once again focus it's attention to the south, while Persia wars with the Greeks.

477 BC--Representatives from the Greek city-states of Asia Minor and the islands scattered throughout the Aegean Sea, meet on the island of Delos—a sacred island associated with the cult of Apollo—to discuss an alliance with the Athenians. They swear oaths of alliance to each other and to Athens; thus is born the Delian League. This new league has several purposes besides defense; one of these is to wage a military campaign against the Persians to free those Greek cities that are still under the control of the Persians. Although Athens is the leader of the League, each city-state has one vote—the League is essentially a democratic alliance between equals.
477-449 BC--Wars of the Delian League against Persia. After the decisive naval battle at Eurymedon in 467 BC, where the Persian fleet is destroyed, the League frees the Ionian Greek cities from Persian rule and these cities join the League (sometimes forcibly).

472 BC--Carystus, a town on the island of Euboea, is forced into the Delian League. This is the first time a Greek state has been forced into the League against it's will, establishing a dangerous precedent.Â*

469 BC--The island of Naxos tries to secede from the Delian League. It is invaded and captured by League forces, who force it back into the alliance. Thus another dangerous precedent is established which will lead, eventually, to the transformation of the League into the Athenian Empire.Â*

465 BC--Death of King Xerxes I of Persia. He is succeeded by Artaxerxes I.Â*

461-451 BC--First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The war is indecisive, and a peace is agreed to in 451 BC.Â*

461 BC--Pericles comes to power in Athens.Â*Â*His rule will become know as Athens' Golden Age.Â*

455 BC--Death of Pharaoh Necho III. He is succeeded by Psamtik IV. However, Psamtik IV also dies later this year, and is succeeded by Ahmosi III.

454 BC--The Treasury of the Delian League, which had, up to this time, been kept on the holy island of Delos, is moved to Athens, signifying the transition of the League from a voluntary association of Greek States lead by Athens, to an empire ruled by Athens.Â*

450 BC--Pharaoh Ahmosi III dies, and is succeeded by Psamtik V. Also in this year, the Law of the Twelve Tables is established in Rome.

c. 450 BC--At around this time, Herodotus writes the first-ever non-theological history, and Hippocrates establishes the foundations of modern medicine.Â*

449 BC--Peace of Callias. King Artaxerxes I of Persia signs a treaty of peace with the Delian League, recognizes the freedom of the Greek cities in Asia Minor. End of the Persian Wars.Â*

438 BC--With funds taken from the treasury of the Delian League, Pericles begins construction of the Parthenon in Athens.Â*

437-426 BC--The Fidenaean War between Rome and the city of Fidenae. Rome is victorious. This marks the beginning of Roman expansion in Italy.Â*

431-404 BC--Second Peloponnesian War between the Peloponnesian League (Sparta and allies) and the Delian League (Athens and subject states). Sparta is heavily financed by Persia, and Athens is defeated. The democracy is replaced by an Oligarchy called The Thirty Tyrants.Â*

430-429 BC--A great plague devastates Athens. Among the dead is Pericles, who dies in 429 BC. No leader of his caliber will arise to replace him, and this is a major factor in the final defeat of Athens in the war with Sparta.Â*Â*

425 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik V dies, and is succeeded by Psamtik VI.Â*

424 BC--Death of King Artaxerxes I. He is succeeded by Xerxes II.Â*

415 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik VI dies, and is succeeded by Necho IV. Also in this year, Athens attempts to capture Syracuse in Sicily, but fails. This is the beginning of the long road to final defeat in the Peloponnesian Wars.Â*

413 BC--Pharaoh Necho IV dies, and is succeeded by Psamtik VII.

410 BC--Phoenicians in Hispania join with Celtiberians to secede from Carthage, denying the state important silver and copper revenues. Overland tin trade is cut off. Also at this time, Himilco's expeditions in the Atlantic and Hanno's expeditions to Morocco and Senegal take place.Â*

409 BC--Carthage initiates attempts to conquer Sicily. Hannibal, grandson of Hamilcar, takes the fortified towns of Selinus and Himera by use of siege towers.

406-396 BC--Rome conquers the Etruscan city of Veii.

405 BC--Hannibal Mago and hundreds of troops die in epidemic outside the fortified town of Acragas. Himilco, his relative, takes over command, but is defeated by a force out of Syracuse, and has his route of supply disrupted in naval action. Syracusan forces strengthen the garrison. A Carthaginian squadron breaks through Greek blockade—the besieged escape under cover of night, Punic forces collect spoils. Later that year, Himilco takes town of Gela, defeating a Syracusan force, and then takes town of Camarina. Finally, Himilco marches on Syracuse itself, but his army is laid low by epidemic, and Himilco seeks peace. By the terms of the treaty, Syracuse grants control of most of Sicily and must pay tribute to Carthage. The treaty confirms Dionysius I as dictator (tyrannos) of Syracuse. First Sicilian War concluded.
404 BC--Death of King Xerxes II of Persia. He is succeeded by Darius II. His brother, Artaxerxes, revolts against him, however, and Darius is overthrown later that same year. His brother takes the throne as Artaxerxes II.Â*

403 BC--The Thirty Tyrants are overthrown in Athens. Restoration of the democracy.Â*

401 BC--Cyrus, younger brother of King Artaxerxes II of Persia, revolts and attempts to usurp the throne. Among his army is a force of 10,000 Greek mercenaries lead by Xenophon. The Persian forces under Cyrus is defeated, and the Greek mercenaries are left stranded deep inside Persia, surrounded by enemies. They make an epic march to the sea, from Babylon to the Hellespont, defeating several Persian forces along the way. They demonstrate that the Persian Empire is weak and ready to be plucked, like a ripe fruit, by any reasonably competent conqueror who comes along. Fortunately for Persia, there are none to be found at this time.Â*

c. 400 BC--Aristophanes is writing the world's first comedic plays.Â*

399 BC--Trial of Socrates, who is sentenced to death by taking poison. Also in this year, the catapault is invented in Syracuse by Dionysius I.Â*Â*

398 BC--Dionysius I of Syracuse sacks Motya (Carthaginian town in Sicily), and the Carthaginians permanently relocate their main Sicilian base to the fortified town of Lilybaeum.

397 BC--Himilco drives Dionysius back to Syracuse and resumes siege. In naval action, the Carthaginians sink or board 100 Syracusan naval vessels and take 20,000 prisoners.

396 BC--Yet another epidemic lays Punic forces low for a third time in Sicily. Dionysius capitalizes on this and defeats Himilco in pitched battle. Himilco survives, but upon returning to Carthage, starves himself to death. Fighting continues. Also in this year, Sparta becomes involved in a war against Persia in Asia Minor.Â*

395-386 BC: Corinthian War. Angered by Sparta's tyrannical overlordship in Greece after the Peloponnesian War, several Greek states take advantage of Sparta's involvement in war with Persia to challenge Spartan supremacy. Unable to fight a war on two fronts, the Spartans negotiate a peace with King Artaxerxes of Persia. This treaty, known as the King's Peace, or Peace of Antalcidas, is very favorable to Persia. Cyprus and the Greek city-states in Asia Minor are returned to Persia; the Athenians are forced to give up their conquests except Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros; and the Greek city-states (except those in Asia Minor) are to be independent, thus eliminating combinations such as the Theban-dominated Boeotian League, which had fought against Sparta. Sparta interprets the terms of peace to justify interference in the Greek states.Â*

393 BC--Carthaginian force under Mago, nephew of Himilco, defeated trying to re-take Messana.

392 BC--Mago of Carthage is defeated a second time. Truce signed with Syracuse.

390 BC--The Gauls (Celtic tribes) under Brennus sack Rome. Also in this year, Pharaoh Psamtik VII dies, and is succeeded by Ahmosi IV.Â*

388-375 BC--As a defensive measure, Pharaoh Ahmosi IV orders the construction of a canal linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, with the Egyptian side to be fortified, thus severing the direct route of invasion from Asia. This is completed in 375 BC. In so doing he also opens up a new trade route, and Egypt profits mightily by charging tolls on foreign ships which wish to use the new canal. Ahmosi will gain the sobriquet "Canal Builder" as a result of this tremendous feat of engineering.

388 BC--Plato, a pupil of Socrates, founds his philosophical Academy, the first university in the world.

384 BC--Carthage renews it's war with Syracuse.Â*
375 BC--Carthage is defeated at Cabala—Mago and 10,000 soldiers killed. Mago's son Himilco defeats Dionysius near Himera—truce favorable to Carthage concluded. Also in this year, Plato writes the "Republic."

373 BC--The Temple of Apollo at Delphi is destroyed by an earthquake. It will be rebuilt.
371 BC--Athens, Thebes, Chios, Mytilene, Byzantium, Rhodes and others revolt against Sparta which loses its supremacy. Especially critical is the defeat of the Spartan army at Leuctra by Epaminondas of Thebes.Â*Â*

367 BC--Dionysius of Syracuse attacks the Carthaginian base at Lilybaeum but is stopped when his fleet defeated by Carthaginian warships under Hanno the Great. Also in this year, Aristotle enters the Academia of Plato.
366 BC--Dionysius I of Syracuse dies, still at war with Carthage.

365 BC--Pharaoh Ahmosi IV dies, and is succeeded by Psamtik VIII.Â*

360 BC--Hanno the Great tries to usurp power in Carthage. He is captured and crucified.Â*

359 BC--Death of Artaxerxes II. He is succeeded by Artaxerxes III. Also in this year, Phillip II comes to the throne of Macedonia. Phillip had spent much of his youth as a hostage in Thebes, where he studied under the great general, Epaminondas. With what he learned there, he will reform the Macedonian army. He replaces the old Greek-style hoplite phalanx with a new formation, the Macedonian Phalanx.Â*Â*Phillip's Macedonian Phalangites are professional soldiers, and are among the first troops ever to be drilled, thereby allowing them to execute complex maneuvers well beyond the reach of most other armies. They fight packed in a close rectangular formation, typically eight men deep, with a leader at the head of each column and a secondary leader in the middle, so that the back rows can move off to the sides if more frontage is needed. Unlike earlier hoplites, phalangites are mostly unarmored except possibly those of the first row, and carried only small shields. No enemies are expected to get close enough for them to need any armor, however, since each phalangite carries as his primary weapon a sarissa, a double-pointed pike over four metres in length. At close range such large weapons are useless, but an intact phalanx can easily keep its enemies at a distance; the weapons of the first five rows of men all project beyond the front of the formation, so that there are more spearpoints than available targets at any given time. Phillip doesn't use the Phalanx as his primary striking force. Instead, the Phalanx is used to hold the enemy in place for a decisive charge by the cavalry.Â*Â*With this new army, Phillip will conquer Greece.

356 BC--The temple of Artemis at Ephesus is rebuilt. The new temple will be considered one of the seven wonders of the world.
354 BC--A tomb for King Mausolus...the Mausoleum...is built at Halicarnassus in Asia Minor. This, too, will be accounted one of the seven wonders of the world.
c. 350 BC--By this date, Carthage has established itself as the leading power in the West.Â*

348 BC--Second treaty between Carthage and Rome.Â*

344 BC--Philip II of Macedonia conquers Thessaly, Illyria, Epirus.Â*Â*

343 BC--Mago sails to Syracuse to drive out the usurper, but fails and commits suicide in order to avoid court martial upon his return. Hasdrubal and Hamilcar make a second attempt, losing a battle at Segesta. Hasdrubal executed. Gisco, son of Hanno the Great, is authorized to make peace. Sicily is divided along the Halycus River. 2nd Sicilian War ends.

343-341 BC--First Samnite War between Rome and the Samnites, a hill tribe from the central Apennines. War inconclusive.Â*

342 BC--Aristotle tutors Alexander, son of Phillip II of Macedonia.

341-338 BC--Revolt of the Latin League against Rome. Rome is victorious. The Latin League is dissolved. Some communities closest to Rome are fully absorbed into the Roman state. Some Latin communities continue as technically independent states with Latin rights, but they sign treaties that subordinate their foreign policy to that of Rome. These states provide contingents for the Roman army. The least Romanized communities receive a special form of second-rate citizenship. Citizens of these communities have the obligations of Roman citizens (in particular military service) but are not allowed to vote at Rome.
340 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik VIII dies, and is succeeded by Psamtik IX.Â* Pharaoh Psamtik, in response to reports from military observers which have spent time with Phillip II's Macedonian army, reorganizes and re-equips the Egyptian army based on the Macedonian model, but with some differences. Psamtik keeps a large force of Egyptian and Nubian foot archers, the armored cavalry armed with lance and bow, and the light horse archers, all of which have been such a successful part of the Egyptian military for so long. The army thus created is truly formidable. Also in this year, a power struggle in Syracuse ends with Timoleon of Corinth victorious.

338 BC--Death of King Artaxerxes III of Persia. He is succeeded by Arses.Â*Also in this year, Philip II of Macedonia defeats Athens and Thebes at the battle of Chaeronea and unites most of the Greek cities under his control (League of Corinth).

336 BC--Death of King Arses of Persia. He is succeeded by Darius III.Â*Also in this year, Phillip II of Macedonia is assassinated and is succeeded by his son Alexander. Pharaoh Psamtik IX of Egypt concludes a treaty of alliance with Alexander against Persia.

334-331 BC--The combined armies of Alexander of Macedon and Psamtik IX of Egypt invade and conquer the Persian Empire. Alexander advances across the Hellespont and overland through Asia Minor, while Psamtik sweeps north through Palestine and Syria. The two armies link up on the Euphrates, near the city of Carchemish. The combined armies destroy the Persian army at Arbela in 331 BC, and then move on to take Persepolis (capital of the empire). Despite protests by Psamtik, Alexander orders the Persian capital burned in retaliation for the burning of Athens in 480 BC. King Darius III of Persia is murdered by his own men later that year, and the Achaemenid Dynasty comes to an end.

329 BC--Pharaoh Psamtik IX "the Great," dies, and is succeeded by Necho V.Â* The Egyptian army returns to it's own territory. Alexander of Macedonia continues the process of subduing the eastern provinces of the Persian Empire.

326-304 BC--The Great Samnite War. The Romans suffer a major and humiliating defeat at the Battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC, and another at Lautulae in 315 BC, but they persevere and finally emerge victorious. The Samnites and many other tribes allied to them are subdued and forced into alliance with Rome.Â*

324 BC--Alexander of Macedonia invades the Punjab region of India. He defeats the Indian king Porus, but a mutiny by his army forces him to abandon the campaign without advancing further into India. Alexander returns to Babylon.

323 BC--Alexander of Macedonia dies in Babylon.

323-300 BC--Wars of the Diadochi. After Alexander's death, a civil war broke out as his generals squabbled over the division of the Empire between them. Four of Alexander's generals emerge victorious, with their own realms. Antipater and his son Cassander end up in control of Macedonia and it's European possessions. Ptolemy (who in OTL held Egypt) ends up with Asia Minor. Lysimachus ends up as King of Armenia. Seleucus ends up in control of everything from the Euphrates eastward. Egypt maintains control over Palestine and Syria up to the Euphrates (it's ancient sphere of influence in Asia, which it has reclaimed).

320 BC--Pharaoh Necho V dies, and is succeeded by Rameses XIV.

315 BC--Agathocles of Syracuse takes Messana from Carthage.

311 BC--Agathocles of Syracuse lays siege to Acragas and crosses the Halcyus, violating the peace treaty with Carthage.

311-302 BC--Roman wars against the Etruscans, who had joined Samnites in their war on Rome. By 302 BC, all Etruscan cities and towns are forced into alliance with Rome.Â*Â*

310 BC--Carthaginian force under Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, defeats aÂ*
Greek force at Himera. Siege of Syracuse begins.

309 BC--Agathocles sails with a force of 14,000 to Africa. Carthage meets him in battle with 40,000 foot, 1000 cavalry and 2000 chariots under Bomilcar and Hanno. The Greeks are victorious, Carthage losing 3000 on the battlefield, but the city itself is impregnable. The Siege of Syracuse continues.

308 BC--Bomilcar tries to make himself dictator in Carthage, but is defeated and tortured to death. Continued fighting between Greek and Carthaginian forces in Tunisia.

307 BC--Greek victory outside Syracuse. Hamilcar is captured and killed. While Agathocles oversees events in Syracuse, however, Carthage defeats the Greek and allied forces in Africa. Despite Syracusan reinforcement, the Greek cause in Africa is doomed. Greeks desert to Carthaginian commanders Hanno and Himilco in vast numbers. A treaty favorable to Carthage is concluded.

306 BC--Third treaty between Carthage and Rome.Â*

305 BC--Pharaoh Rameses XIV dies, and is succeeded by Necho VI. However, Necho VI dies later that same year, and is succeeded by Thutmoses V.Â*Â*

303 BC--Pharaoh Thutmoses V dies and is succeeded by Necho VII.Â*Â*

300 BC--The Olgunian Law in Rome ends the monopoly of the patrician class on constructing law and procedure, greatly increasing the rights of the plebeian class.Â*

300 BC onward--Religious developments in the Egyptian Empire. The conquest of Palestine by the Egyptians will have significant effects on the future development of world religion. The Saite Pharaohs are, of course, believers in the old gods of Egypt, especially promoting the cults of Osiris and Isis. However, they are very lenient with the peoples in the lands they rule, they are sensitive to the religious feelings of their subject peoples, and they do not attempt to enforce any sort of religious conformity. One place where this has significant effects is in the tiny province of Yehud, where the Jews have rebuilt their temple. The lenient Egyptian administration allows the Jews complete freedom of worship, and the Jews are loyal subjects of their Egyptian overlords. Thus, there is no Maccabean revolt in this timeline and no independent Jewish state. However, as in OTL, the main religious life in the province is dominated by the Sadducees (the Temple Priests) and Pharisees (the rabbis). The Sadducees, as in OTL, are involved in politics, and are allowing commercial business to take place in the Temple (i.e. the moneychangers), which offends many of the more pious people. The Pharisees, who might have served as an alternative, however, are obsessed with petty dietary laws and other minutia, and are seen as hypocrites, observing the form, but not the spirit, of the Law. As a result, by the end of the 1st Century BC, many Jews have become dissatisfied with their religion and start to follow various cults which look to the arrival of a promised "Messiah" who will restore the Jewish faith to purity.

300 BC onward--Wars of the Successors. The various kingdoms which had arisen from the ruins of the empire of Alexander the Great struggle for supremacy, with none achieving it. Egypt fights several wars with the Ptolemies and the Seleucids for control of Syria and Palestine, but manages to hold onto it's Asian possessions, largely because, unlike the Hellenistic successor kingdoms, Egypt maintains a large cavalry force of armored lancers, armored horse archers, and light horse archers to go along with it's phalanx.
 
SAITE TIMELINE, 300 BC T0 100 BC

298-290 BC--Third Samnite War. The Samnites abrogate their treaty with Rome and once again declare war. They are joined by the Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians. The allies are decisively defeated at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC, and never recover. By 290 BC, the Romans have forced all of the allies to make alliances with Rome.

289 BC--Agathocles of Syracuse dies. Pre-war division of Sicily resumes. 3rd Sicilian War ends.

287 BC: Last secession of the plebeians in Rome. As a result, the Lex Hortensia makes plebiscites binding in Rome.ª

281-272 BC: Tarentine Wars. Rome has been pressuring the Greek city of Tarentum in Southern Italy, and in 281, Tarentum pleas for assistance from King Pyrrhus of Epirus. Pyrrhus is a relative of Alexander the Great, and wishes to engage in some adventure comparable to that of his famous relative. He agrees to the Tarentine offer, and in 280 arrives in south Italy with 35,000 men and 20 elephants. The Romans promptly lead an army against him and are heavily defeated at Heraclea. Though victorious Pyrrhus loses 4,000 men, and when congratulated for his victory, he comments bitterly that "another such victory will ruin me" (hence the expression "Pyrrhic victory"). After this victory, the south Italian Greeks (Italiotes), Lucanians and Samnites go over to Pyrrhus. He marches on Rome, perhaps expecting to cow them into submission. He finds, however, that even if some of the outlying Italian peoples are willing to desert the Romans, they can rely on the hardcore support of the Latins and various other communities. In the absence of large-scale defections, Pyrrhus can achieve nothing and withdraws to the south. In 279 he again wins a costly victory against the Romans, losing another 3500 men. At this point he offers to make peace if the Romans agreed to guarantee the independence of the Italiotes and the Samnites. Rome rejects the offer. In the meanwhile the Carthaginians are close to conquering the Greek communities of Sicily, and Pyrrhus crosses over to Sicily in 278 to aid the Greeks there. Pyrrhus defeats the Carthaginians and forces them off the island, leaving Lilybaeum as their only remaining stronghold. After throwing back the Carthaginians, he returns to Italy in late 276. In 275 two Roman armies guard against his attack to the north. His surprise attack on one army fails and he withdraws to Tarentum to avoid being encircled. At this point he goes back to Greece with most of his army, leaving the Italiotes to their fate. The Greek cities, without military support from Pyrrhus, are subdued by Rome and forced to sign treaties of alliance. Rome is now in effective control of all of Italy.

275 BC--Pharaoh Necho VII dies without heirs. The throne passes to a nephew of the queen, who takes the throne as Pharaoh Seti III. Beginning of the 28th Dynasty.

270-266 BC: Rome at war with Umbrians and Etruscans. Rome is victorious.

264-241 BC--First Punic War. Rome and Carthage support opposite sides in a war between the Greek cities of Sicily, leading Rome to invade the island. Carthage declares war on Rome, and a vicious struggle lasting over 20 years is the result. Rome is victorious, largely because of it's invention of the corvus...which allows Roman marines to board enemy ships and capture them. Carthage's naval power is broken, and it's armies are forced to surrender through lack of re-supply. In a humiliating treaty, Carthage is forced to surrender all of it's territories in Sicily and Sardinia to Rome.ªª

250 BC--Pharaoh Seti III dies, and is succeeded by Rameses XV.

245 BC--Pharaoh Rameses XV dies, and is succeeded by Necho VIII.ªªNecho has watched the developments in the First Punic War with concern. Carthage is a major trading partner of Egypt, and militarily, the Carthaginian and Egyptian fleets have, in cooperation (but not formal alliance), dominated the Mediterranean. Pharaoh Necho recognizes the threat posed by the upstart republic of Rome. He has especially noted the Roman invention which gave them naval supremacy over the Carthaginians...the corvus. In response he has large complements of marines and archers added to the crews of his warships. He also has chest-high railings installed around the decks of his ships (to prevent the corvus from being dropped directly onto the deck, where it's iron spike can fasten the ships together). When war comes, as Necho knows it will, Egypt's ships will be ready.

245-238 BC--Parthia, a region of northeastern Iran inhabited by the Parni tribe, which up until now has been under the rule of the Seleucids, revolts and establishes it's independence. King Tiridates I assumes the throne.

241-237 BC--Civil War in Carthage. Hamilcar Barca, a brilliant general and statesman, emerges as virtual dictator in Carthage.

236 BC onward--Carthage invades and conquers most of the Iberian Peninsula. Hamilcar Barca does this to provide Carthage with an empire to compensate it for the one lost in the first Punic War, as well as to gain a base from which to eventually launch a war of revenge against Rome.

235 BC--Hamilcar Barca of Carthage secretly approaches Egypt, seeking a formal military alliance against Rome. Pharaoh Necho VIII accepts.

228 BC--Hamilcar Barca dies in battle in Hispania, and is succeeded by his son, Hannibal Barca. Hannibal continues his father's policies in Hispania and vis-a-vis Rome. Egypt renews it's alliance with Hannibal.

223 BC--Pharaoh Necho VIII dies, and is succeeded by Necho IX.

218-215 BC--The Second Punic War. In 218 BC, Hannibal precipitates the Second Punic War when he attacks the Roman client city of Saguntum. As in OTL, Hannibal leads his army across the Alps and invades Italy. The Egyptians honour their treaty commitments and send an invasion force by sea to Italy. The Egyptian fleet escorting the invasion force is intercepted by that of Rome off Tarentum, and a naval battle occurs. Egyptian archers rain flaming arrows on the opposing Roman warships, setting many of them ablaze, and those which manage to get close enough to drop their corvuses find that they do not work due to the new railings installed on the Egyptian vessels. The Romans suffer a bloody defeat, and the Egyptians are able to land on Italian soil. Over the next three years, as Egypt controls the seas, the combined Egyptian and Carthaginian armies establish control over most of Italy. The Egyptians transport over a siege train in 216 BC, and Rome surrenders the following year. Hannibal wants to raze Rome to the ground, kill all the males and sell the women and children into slavery. However, his Egyptian allies persuade him to be more lenient...Pharaoh Necho has no desire to see Carthage’s only rival in the west eliminated. Rome is stripped of all her overseas territories (which are given to Carthage), and a crushing indemnity is imposed (shared by Egypt and Carthage). Carthage and Egypt are now the two most powerful states in the civilized world.

215-150 BC--Rome rebuilds it's power. In the succeeding decades, of course, Rome nurses it’s hatred of Carthage and Egypt. Hannibal’s successors in Carthage are not vigilant, and Egypt’s eyes are turned eastward as it is again involved in border wars with the Seleucids and Ptolemies. And so, Rome is able to once again rebuild it’s military power, and it casts about for allies. It will eventually find them, too.

190 BC--Pharaoh Necho IX "Roman Slayer" dies, and is succeeded by Seti IV.

165 BC--Pharaoh Seti IV dies, and is succeeded by Rameses XVI.ª

150 BC--Rome signs treaties with Ptolemy VI of Asia Minor and Antiochus VI of the Seleucid Kingdom.

149-141 BC--The Third Punic War. Shortly after concluding their treaty of alliance, Rome, the Ptolemies and the Seleucids declare war on Egypt and Carthage. Since Egypt has it’s hands full defending against the combined Ptolemaic and Seleucid armies, it is not able to send much help to Carthage. And unfortunately, Carthage has, at this time, no leader of the caliber of Hamilcar or Hannibal Barca to lead it’s war effort. Roman armies land in Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain, and over the course of five years defeat the Carthaginian forces there. Rome’s fleet defeats the Carthaginian navy off Sicily in 144 BC, and the Romans land an invasion force near Carthage later that year. Carthage is placed under siege, and falls in 143 BC. The Romans are not disposed to be merciful, and they raze Carthage to the ground. The men are killed and the women and children sold into slavery. Carthage ceases to exist.
Meanwhile, Egypt has managed to hold off the Ptolemies and Seleucids. But it sees the war going ill for it’s ally, and realizes Carthage may not be in the game much longer. So in 144 BC it does two things. Pharaoh Rameses XVI makes an alliance with King Mithridates I of Parthia, bribing him to attack the Seleucids. He also bribes Ptolemy VII, who has just succeeded to the kingship and who was never in favor of the alliance with Rome anyway, to make peace with Egypt in exchange for a large payment in gold and some minor land concessions along their mutual border. The Parthians sweep into Iran, and seize most of it as Egyptian armies press into Mesopotamia. Antiochus, desperate to protect his remaining lands from the Parthians, sues for peace with Egypt in 142 BC. A treaty is quickly signed, and Egypt redeploys to meet the Roman threat.
But the Romans do not come. Their attention is fully taken up with the problems of integrating their newly conquered territories into their empire, and when in 141 BC Pharaoh Rameses offers peace, Rome accepts. An uneasy quiet settles on the region. As a result of his success in delivering Egypt from what could have been a fatal crisis, Pharaoh Rameses will go down in history as "Rameses the Crafty."

140 BC to 90 BC--Roman expansion in Europe. It fights wars in Gaul, and against Epirus and Macedon, incorporating these areas into it’s Empire by the year 100 BC. Greece loses it’s independence soon after Rome takes Macedon.

138 BC--Death of Pharaoh Rameses XVI "The Crafty." He is succeeded by Psamtik X.

129-126 BC--King Artabanus II of Parthia invades and conquers the weakened Seleucid realm in Mesopotamia, killing King Demetrius II in the process and ending the Seleucid Dynasty.

124 BC--King Artabanus II of Parthia dies and is succeeded by Mithradates II, who will go down in history as Mithradates "the Great."

123 BC-100 BC--Wars of Mithradates II "The Great" of Parthia. Shortly after assuming the throne, Mithridates II threatens to attack Egypt’s Asian possessions, but (after being bought off by a substantial bribe) decides to attack Armenia and the Ptolemaic kingdom instead. He invades and conquers Armenia in 120 BC, and then begins a series of wars with the Ptolemies. The Ptolemies appeal to Rome for aid, which is given. Roman legions join the Ptolemaic forces against the Parthians, but although they delay the fall of the the Ptolemaic kingdom, they do not prevent it. The Ptolemaic capital of Ephesus finally falls in 100 BC, and with it, the kingdom. It’s last king, Ptolemy X, is taken to Babylon, where he is flayed alive. But Queen Cleopatra Berenice and most of the rest of the Ptolemaic royal family escape to Rome, and this gives Rome an excuse to continue the war with Parthia. The conflict will go on, at various levels of intensity, for the next 300 years. Egypt will sit on the fence throughout the conflict, supporting first one side and then the other (and sometimes both at once!)...it’s Pharaohs reason that as long as Rome and Parthia are at each other’s throats, they won’t have much time or energy to think about attacking Egypt! And the strategy will work well for a long time.

And, with this section, we are down to the point where the full fledged timelines replaced the short scenarios in the original version.
 
Admiral Matt said:
Did you miss my question about the decline in birth-rates?

I must have...sorry. In answer to it, I would assume that there has been a decline in birthrates...but not in overall population...as society has become more technologically advanced, as happened in OTL. Population is still increasing, but at a slow rate. And the overall population in 2004 is somewhat higher than in OTL, because agriculture is more technologically advanced and therefore the world is able to support a larger population.
 
"I must have...sorry. In answer to it, I would assume that there has been a decline in birthrates...but not in overall population...as society has become more technologically advanced, as happened in OTL. Population is still increasing, but at a slow rate. And the overall population in 2004 is somewhat higher than in OTL, because agriculture is more technologically advanced and therefore the world is able to support a larger population."

That doesn't seem too unreasonable, though I'll quibble anyway. In OTL, the decline in birth rates is a symptom of the Industrial Revolution and was made possible by the Scientific. In general, high incomes and peaceful surroundings also reduce it.

Since such large areas of the world are united in advanced, wealthy, and mostly peaceful countries, I would have figured a declining trend was well set. Especially considering that the Industrial Revolution came so much earlier in your timeline. In our timeline birth rates are peaking around the world. Even China's current population growth is being driven by the extended length of old-age, in 2-3 decades their population will begin to decline. I believe the UN's last estimate had the world's population growth peaking at around 11 billion sometime in the next century.

Anyway, it's great work. I've enjoyed it.
 
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