Anglo-Dutch union/connection
- Thread starter Sean Swaby
- Start date
"Very good. However, the Tokugawa Shogunate started in the early 1600s OTL, not in 1837. By that latter date, the Japanese policy of exclusion was a couple of centuries old." by Bill Bruno
Thanks, having rechecked, It should have read start of the late Tokugawa Shogunate or the start of the reign of a new Shogun (of the same Tokugawa shogunate). Thanks.
1856- In Egypt, the success of the first trans-oceanic canal has been noted with care and has sparked an idea for a revival of a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.The idea of a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea dates back to ancient times. These earlier canals linked the Red Sea to the Nile, therefore forcing the ships to sail along the River on their journey from Europe to India. It has been suggested that the first Canal was dug during the reign of Tuthmosis III, although more solid evidence credits the Pharaoh Necho (Sixth Century BC) for the attempt. During the Persian invasion of Egypt, King Darius I ordered the Canal completed. The Red Sea Canal, consisted of two parts: the first linking the Gulf of Suez to the Great Bitter Lake, and the second connecting the Lake to one of the Nile branches in the Delta. The canal remained in good condition during the Ptolemaic era, but fell into disrepair afterwards. It was re-dug during the rule of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and later the Arab ruler Amr Ibn-Al-Aas. Over the years, it fell again into disrepair, and was completely abandoned upon the discovery of the trade route around Africa. Now the British, French and Egyptian governments were interested in reviving the old canal. The Ottomans didn't really care one way or the other whether a canal existed or not. They had no use for it since their empire was rather centrally located anyway, and since they had ports along the Red Sea with which to do trade with the east, ports which were linked by road (and to some extent rail) with the Mediterranean areas of the Empire, so a Canal for the Ottomans would have been a big waste of money, however, the Ottomans warmed to the idea of a canal as a means of Egypt generating revenue, some of which would fall into the imperial coffers in Constantinople. It would also keep Egypt from going occassionally bankrupt and thus prevent the threat of a takeover by the Europeans to force repayment of debts or to oversee the budget, but at the same time it would increase European involvement in Egypt. At any rate, a Red Sea Canal Company was constituted and run by the same people who oversaw the building of the Nicaraguan Canal. In 1856, the first shovel dug into the earth near Suez and started the decade long process..
Elsewhere in Africa, the Europeans were beginning to encroach even further along the coast. The discovery that a daily dose of quinine would protect against the most deadly of tropical African diseases, malaria, was made in 1849 and it would allow all of the African interior to be open (in theory) to European exploration and exploitation. The consequences had already begun to manifest themselves when the British expanded their Gold Coast protectorate (established since 1824 from simple British trade stations and the area of the Fante people) further inland. The British also expanded their freed slave settlement, centred on Freetown in West Africa. The original settlement had been established in 1792 as a refuge for "loyalist" slaves from North America who fought on the British side in the American Revolution and had originally fled to Canada. It never had more than a 1,000 settlers until 1809 when the slave trade was outlawed and the British began dumping slaves from interdicted slave ships on Freetown. Around 80% of these freed slaves remained, the rest found their way home and this brought the Freetown settlement to around 100,000 people. An additional 22,000 ex-slaves were settled there by charitable organizations in the USA and UPA which aimed to help freed slaves return to Africa.
In southern Africa, new British settlers followed the original trails set out by the Boer and begin to settle in the lands between the Limpopo and the Oranje rivers, as well as along the coast in Natal. The Boer Freistadt of Drakensburg had in 1852 allowed itself to become a British protectorate after a number of Zulu attacks between 1837 and 1850 had almost wiped out the settlement. Now Drakensburg became the principal town in an area now called Natal which itself was attached to Kape Colonie and in 1854 Drakensburg become the capital of the new Natal Colonie and was no longer a protectorate. In 1855, as a response to a Zulu attack on the colonie, the British marched into Zululand to break up the impis (regiments) and were somewhat successful. For another 20 years, Natal would have no trouble from the Zulus. a bit further north, prospectors had found diamonds just south of the Oranje river, outside the Kape colonie's borders. This discover cause a huge influx of settlers north of the Oranje (apart from the earlier set who went in search of farmland and grazing land) as well as the extension of the Kape Colonie's borders north to the Oranje. The British settlers north of the Oranje then requested the establishment of a new colony (so as to have the protection of British soldiers whilst searching for diamonds) which became Transoranje colonie. In southern Africa there were now 200,000 European settlers in Kape Colonie, 6,000 Boers in Pretoria (which was still an independent Freistad/freestead), 8,000 Boers and new British settlers in Natal Colonie and 20,000 new British settlers in Transoranje Colonie(between the Oranje and Vaal rivers).
In North Africa there were now 180,000 European settlers in Algeria (most of the Spanish, Italian and Maltese, though some were French) and French control was beginning to seep into the interior beyond the Atlas mountains. The French had also begun to move down the Senegal river and had established a protectorate over the state of Futa Toro, but the Fulani jihadi state of Kaarta had blocked any further French advance down the river for now.
In Central Africa, there were 1,300 Portuguese settlers in Mozambique and 2,000 Portuguese settlers in Angola. In addition there were 1,500 Brazilian Portuguese (still considered Portuguese at this point b/c Brazil is still in the Portuguese Empire at this point) in Angola. Most of the Brazilian and some of the new Portuguese settlers had heard tales and stories about the long-gone (or long lost) kingdom of Kongo, over which Portugal had supremacy for nearly 100 years starting in the 1570s. The Kongo was called by some the "lost colony" and there were tales abound of the riches that used to flow from it. Based on these stories and legends a number of Portuguese explorer began to go north as did some settlers and the founded a few small settlements north of Angola on the Congo river. In Mozambique similar stories were told of Portuguese greatness along Africa's east coast, about the Swahili trading towns (now in Zanzibar and on the Somali coast) and an old alliance with Abyssinia.
1857- a mutiny breaks out in Bengal and parts of northern India over low pay and the requirement that sepoys must serve overseas (which would mean losing their caste to some Indians). The Mutiny was also over the purported use of pig and cow fat in the rifle cartridges in some areas of Bengal, although by now the British had replaced the cow and pig fat with beeswax and vegetable oils after numerous complaints (and the preceived threat of mutiny) about the pig and cow fat. The mutiny was to spread to Delhi and had multiple aims (which was part of the reason it was to fail) including the restoration of the Mughal and Maratha emperors (the Maratha empire had been extinguished in 1853 when the last leader of Marathas was denied his title and his pension stopped and the current Mughal emperor was informed that he would be the end of his dynasty) A number of Indian states supported the British in the north, whilst in the south the states remained passive. Both Hindus and Muslims fought on both sides for varying reasons. The Mutiny (which was not as large as in OTL) was finally defeated in mid-1858.
In East Asia, Russia gains control of the Manchurian coast between the Amur and Ussuri rivers by treaty with China and establishes a new town/naval base: Vladivostock. This new territory now brings Russia in contact with Korea.
1858- The British carry out a reorganization of India and the East Indies, following the Indian Mutiny. India is taken under the direct control of Crown under the rule of British Raj. A Viceroy was appointed to represent the Crown. The British embarked on a program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolished the governing role the East India Company, only permitting it to carry out trade in the area.
They stopped land grabs, decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service, albeit mainly as subordinates. They also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native ones and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862, finally bringing the Moghul dynasty to an end.
In the East Indies, a Viceroy was also appointed to represent the Crown, although the system of rule was slightly different, reflecting the differences between Hindu-Muslim (Indo-European and Dravidian) India and the Muslim (Malay) East Indies.
1859- Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Francesco II of the Two Sicilies. Karl_XV succeeds Oskar I as Swedish King.
In Australia, the newly separate colony of Torresia is formed.
1860- In the Italian peninsula, the domains of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont are properly unified, after 5 years of reorganization, as the Kingdom of Italy and in a speech at the opening of Parliament in Turin (the re-opening of Parliament, but the first "Italian" parliament), the King said that it was the will of God that all of Italy would someday be truly united and that he hoped to live to see that day. He also said that this Kingdom of Italy was but just a single step in the process and called on the Pope and the new King Francesco II/ Francis II to strive for total unification and look beyond just their positions on God's earth. Naturally the Pope ignored this speech and Francis II wished to do so as well, but the speech had begun to appear on the streets of his nation in a number of underground publications (and bits and pieces of it had been reported in even official newspapers) and soon Sicily (as always) ended up in demonstrations and then open revolt. A provisional government of Sicily was set up which then hastily prepared a plebiscite which found over 80% in favour of union with Italy. Francis II's advisors told him not to acquiesce and so The Two Sicilies prepared to re-take Sicily. Italy now protested, stating that Sicily should be free to join Italy if it wished and threatened to defend Sicily's decision. Shortly thereafter an Italian army landed in Sicily (to much cheer) and did battle with the Neapolitan army of Francis II. In the north meanwhile a second Italian army invaded the Umbria and crossed into northern Naples (the mainland part of the Two Sicilies). This second Italian army soon marched on Naples, surrounding it. In Naples, word soon reached Francis of the defeat of his army on the island of Sicily (around 60% of his army there had just given up or joined the Italian army), and seeing that his own end might be near he sent a message to Victor Emmanuel II to negotiate.
Upon hearing this message, Victor Emmanuel II and his PM and advisors came up with an initial offer which Francis II promptly accepted: Francis II would remain a King, but only a King of Naples, while Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont assumed the title King of Sicily. However, Francis II would be subordinate to Victor Emmanuel who would no longer just be a King, but would become Emperor Victor Emmanuel I of the the Empire of Italy, which now included all of Italy except Rome. Victor Emmanuel would also be titled King of Piedmont-Corsica-Sardinia, King of Venetia, King of Lombardy, King of Sicily, Duke of Modena, Duke of Parma, Duke of Lucca, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Grand Duke of the Romagna and Umbria (annexed when it was invaded). The states of Nice and San Marino did not accede to the Empire, but accepted protectorate status with Victor Emmanuel (and all his descendants) being entitled Grand Protector of Nice and San Marino (the latter being a Republic and thus having no kings, lords or dukes).
Thanks, having rechecked, It should have read start of the late Tokugawa Shogunate or the start of the reign of a new Shogun (of the same Tokugawa shogunate). Thanks.
1856- In Egypt, the success of the first trans-oceanic canal has been noted with care and has sparked an idea for a revival of a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.The idea of a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea dates back to ancient times. These earlier canals linked the Red Sea to the Nile, therefore forcing the ships to sail along the River on their journey from Europe to India. It has been suggested that the first Canal was dug during the reign of Tuthmosis III, although more solid evidence credits the Pharaoh Necho (Sixth Century BC) for the attempt. During the Persian invasion of Egypt, King Darius I ordered the Canal completed. The Red Sea Canal, consisted of two parts: the first linking the Gulf of Suez to the Great Bitter Lake, and the second connecting the Lake to one of the Nile branches in the Delta. The canal remained in good condition during the Ptolemaic era, but fell into disrepair afterwards. It was re-dug during the rule of the Roman Emperor Trajan, and later the Arab ruler Amr Ibn-Al-Aas. Over the years, it fell again into disrepair, and was completely abandoned upon the discovery of the trade route around Africa. Now the British, French and Egyptian governments were interested in reviving the old canal. The Ottomans didn't really care one way or the other whether a canal existed or not. They had no use for it since their empire was rather centrally located anyway, and since they had ports along the Red Sea with which to do trade with the east, ports which were linked by road (and to some extent rail) with the Mediterranean areas of the Empire, so a Canal for the Ottomans would have been a big waste of money, however, the Ottomans warmed to the idea of a canal as a means of Egypt generating revenue, some of which would fall into the imperial coffers in Constantinople. It would also keep Egypt from going occassionally bankrupt and thus prevent the threat of a takeover by the Europeans to force repayment of debts or to oversee the budget, but at the same time it would increase European involvement in Egypt. At any rate, a Red Sea Canal Company was constituted and run by the same people who oversaw the building of the Nicaraguan Canal. In 1856, the first shovel dug into the earth near Suez and started the decade long process..
Elsewhere in Africa, the Europeans were beginning to encroach even further along the coast. The discovery that a daily dose of quinine would protect against the most deadly of tropical African diseases, malaria, was made in 1849 and it would allow all of the African interior to be open (in theory) to European exploration and exploitation. The consequences had already begun to manifest themselves when the British expanded their Gold Coast protectorate (established since 1824 from simple British trade stations and the area of the Fante people) further inland. The British also expanded their freed slave settlement, centred on Freetown in West Africa. The original settlement had been established in 1792 as a refuge for "loyalist" slaves from North America who fought on the British side in the American Revolution and had originally fled to Canada. It never had more than a 1,000 settlers until 1809 when the slave trade was outlawed and the British began dumping slaves from interdicted slave ships on Freetown. Around 80% of these freed slaves remained, the rest found their way home and this brought the Freetown settlement to around 100,000 people. An additional 22,000 ex-slaves were settled there by charitable organizations in the USA and UPA which aimed to help freed slaves return to Africa.
In southern Africa, new British settlers followed the original trails set out by the Boer and begin to settle in the lands between the Limpopo and the Oranje rivers, as well as along the coast in Natal. The Boer Freistadt of Drakensburg had in 1852 allowed itself to become a British protectorate after a number of Zulu attacks between 1837 and 1850 had almost wiped out the settlement. Now Drakensburg became the principal town in an area now called Natal which itself was attached to Kape Colonie and in 1854 Drakensburg become the capital of the new Natal Colonie and was no longer a protectorate. In 1855, as a response to a Zulu attack on the colonie, the British marched into Zululand to break up the impis (regiments) and were somewhat successful. For another 20 years, Natal would have no trouble from the Zulus. a bit further north, prospectors had found diamonds just south of the Oranje river, outside the Kape colonie's borders. This discover cause a huge influx of settlers north of the Oranje (apart from the earlier set who went in search of farmland and grazing land) as well as the extension of the Kape Colonie's borders north to the Oranje. The British settlers north of the Oranje then requested the establishment of a new colony (so as to have the protection of British soldiers whilst searching for diamonds) which became Transoranje colonie. In southern Africa there were now 200,000 European settlers in Kape Colonie, 6,000 Boers in Pretoria (which was still an independent Freistad/freestead), 8,000 Boers and new British settlers in Natal Colonie and 20,000 new British settlers in Transoranje Colonie(between the Oranje and Vaal rivers).
In North Africa there were now 180,000 European settlers in Algeria (most of the Spanish, Italian and Maltese, though some were French) and French control was beginning to seep into the interior beyond the Atlas mountains. The French had also begun to move down the Senegal river and had established a protectorate over the state of Futa Toro, but the Fulani jihadi state of Kaarta had blocked any further French advance down the river for now.
In Central Africa, there were 1,300 Portuguese settlers in Mozambique and 2,000 Portuguese settlers in Angola. In addition there were 1,500 Brazilian Portuguese (still considered Portuguese at this point b/c Brazil is still in the Portuguese Empire at this point) in Angola. Most of the Brazilian and some of the new Portuguese settlers had heard tales and stories about the long-gone (or long lost) kingdom of Kongo, over which Portugal had supremacy for nearly 100 years starting in the 1570s. The Kongo was called by some the "lost colony" and there were tales abound of the riches that used to flow from it. Based on these stories and legends a number of Portuguese explorer began to go north as did some settlers and the founded a few small settlements north of Angola on the Congo river. In Mozambique similar stories were told of Portuguese greatness along Africa's east coast, about the Swahili trading towns (now in Zanzibar and on the Somali coast) and an old alliance with Abyssinia.
1857- a mutiny breaks out in Bengal and parts of northern India over low pay and the requirement that sepoys must serve overseas (which would mean losing their caste to some Indians). The Mutiny was also over the purported use of pig and cow fat in the rifle cartridges in some areas of Bengal, although by now the British had replaced the cow and pig fat with beeswax and vegetable oils after numerous complaints (and the preceived threat of mutiny) about the pig and cow fat. The mutiny was to spread to Delhi and had multiple aims (which was part of the reason it was to fail) including the restoration of the Mughal and Maratha emperors (the Maratha empire had been extinguished in 1853 when the last leader of Marathas was denied his title and his pension stopped and the current Mughal emperor was informed that he would be the end of his dynasty) A number of Indian states supported the British in the north, whilst in the south the states remained passive. Both Hindus and Muslims fought on both sides for varying reasons. The Mutiny (which was not as large as in OTL) was finally defeated in mid-1858.
In East Asia, Russia gains control of the Manchurian coast between the Amur and Ussuri rivers by treaty with China and establishes a new town/naval base: Vladivostock. This new territory now brings Russia in contact with Korea.
1858- The British carry out a reorganization of India and the East Indies, following the Indian Mutiny. India is taken under the direct control of Crown under the rule of British Raj. A Viceroy was appointed to represent the Crown. The British embarked on a program of reform, trying to integrate Indian higher castes and rulers into the government and abolished the governing role the East India Company, only permitting it to carry out trade in the area.
They stopped land grabs, decreed religious tolerance and admitted Indians into civil service, albeit mainly as subordinates. They also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native ones and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862, finally bringing the Moghul dynasty to an end.
In the East Indies, a Viceroy was also appointed to represent the Crown, although the system of rule was slightly different, reflecting the differences between Hindu-Muslim (Indo-European and Dravidian) India and the Muslim (Malay) East Indies.
1859- Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Francesco II of the Two Sicilies. Karl_XV succeeds Oskar I as Swedish King.
In Australia, the newly separate colony of Torresia is formed.
1860- In the Italian peninsula, the domains of King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont are properly unified, after 5 years of reorganization, as the Kingdom of Italy and in a speech at the opening of Parliament in Turin (the re-opening of Parliament, but the first "Italian" parliament), the King said that it was the will of God that all of Italy would someday be truly united and that he hoped to live to see that day. He also said that this Kingdom of Italy was but just a single step in the process and called on the Pope and the new King Francesco II/ Francis II to strive for total unification and look beyond just their positions on God's earth. Naturally the Pope ignored this speech and Francis II wished to do so as well, but the speech had begun to appear on the streets of his nation in a number of underground publications (and bits and pieces of it had been reported in even official newspapers) and soon Sicily (as always) ended up in demonstrations and then open revolt. A provisional government of Sicily was set up which then hastily prepared a plebiscite which found over 80% in favour of union with Italy. Francis II's advisors told him not to acquiesce and so The Two Sicilies prepared to re-take Sicily. Italy now protested, stating that Sicily should be free to join Italy if it wished and threatened to defend Sicily's decision. Shortly thereafter an Italian army landed in Sicily (to much cheer) and did battle with the Neapolitan army of Francis II. In the north meanwhile a second Italian army invaded the Umbria and crossed into northern Naples (the mainland part of the Two Sicilies). This second Italian army soon marched on Naples, surrounding it. In Naples, word soon reached Francis of the defeat of his army on the island of Sicily (around 60% of his army there had just given up or joined the Italian army), and seeing that his own end might be near he sent a message to Victor Emmanuel II to negotiate.
Upon hearing this message, Victor Emmanuel II and his PM and advisors came up with an initial offer which Francis II promptly accepted: Francis II would remain a King, but only a King of Naples, while Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont assumed the title King of Sicily. However, Francis II would be subordinate to Victor Emmanuel who would no longer just be a King, but would become Emperor Victor Emmanuel I of the the Empire of Italy, which now included all of Italy except Rome. Victor Emmanuel would also be titled King of Piedmont-Corsica-Sardinia, King of Venetia, King of Lombardy, King of Sicily, Duke of Modena, Duke of Parma, Duke of Lucca, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Grand Duke of the Romagna and Umbria (annexed when it was invaded). The states of Nice and San Marino did not accede to the Empire, but accepted protectorate status with Victor Emmanuel (and all his descendants) being entitled Grand Protector of Nice and San Marino (the latter being a Republic and thus having no kings, lords or dukes).
I know these two maps of Europe are a little bit ahead of time, but only by a couple years.
Europe in 1862
Europe in 1862
Backpedalling slightly, I am about to delve into what has been happening in the Caribbean (and in the UPA somewhat) around this time (1800s):
1790-1804- Haitian revolution. Sparked by events in France, the colony of St. Dominique first fell into anarchy when the slaves and mulattoes rose against the ruling whites (massacres being committed against both sides). Between 1791 and 1793 many whites were evacuated or had fled to Jamaica, Cuba, the UPA and Santo Domingo. When Britain declared war on France (1793) during the Revolutionary and Napoleanic Wars, she invaded the colony with the aim of claiming the colony for herself (at the invitation of royalist planters in the colony). The UK only managed to control the coastal towns and offshore islands during the entire period of the occupation (1793-1798) and finally withdrew from the colony (except Tortuga island off the northern shore, Vache island and Navassa island off the southern shore and Gonave island (the big island) in the bay of Port-au-Prince). In 1803 the British finally evacuated Tortuga, Gonvae and Vache island, but kept Navassa island (which was uninhabited, except by the occassional fishermen passing through and by persons landing on the island to collect bat guano for fertilizer), annexing it to their colony of Jamaica. In 1804 St. Dominique was declared independent as Haiti/Hayti (or Hayiti). From 1801 the revolutionaries in St. Dominique had conquered the Spanish part of the island, Santo Domingo, so in 1804 the new Republic of Hayti encompassed the entire island.
1808- a rebellion in the former colony of Santo Domingo is put down.
1821- a second rebellion in the former Santo Domingo is again put down, this time more brutally. By now, most of the whites on Hispaniola have been massacred or have fled. In the former Santo Domingo, the mulattoes who supported revolt against Hayiti were almost all of them rounded and massacred. The Spanish-fluent upper class, by now got the picture and fled to Puerto Rico and Cuba and encouraged Spanish intervention.
1822- Spain lands a party on the island of Hispaniola in an attempt to reconquer the colony. The Spanish-Haitian war will last until 1835.
1835- Haitian forces manage to finally drive the Spanish out of Hispaniola and with them, all of their supporters.
1825-1850- The UPA attempts to buy Cuba and Puerto Rico from Spain but without success.
1858- After a number of years of urging by Britain and the Netherlands and with a British guarantee of loans for emancipation, the UPA finally outlaws slavery in 1858 (in the UPA it is called Manumission). To ease the stress on the slave owners, the new amendment outlawing slavery requires all former slaves (as of the time of the amendment) to remain as indentured workers on their estates for the next 5 years (with a salary that is constantly upgraded due to inflation).
1859- Inspired by the Haitians as well as the UPA's recent banning of slavery, numerous slave rebellions happen in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Some of these rebellions inspire anti-Spanish revolts.
1790-1804- Haitian revolution. Sparked by events in France, the colony of St. Dominique first fell into anarchy when the slaves and mulattoes rose against the ruling whites (massacres being committed against both sides). Between 1791 and 1793 many whites were evacuated or had fled to Jamaica, Cuba, the UPA and Santo Domingo. When Britain declared war on France (1793) during the Revolutionary and Napoleanic Wars, she invaded the colony with the aim of claiming the colony for herself (at the invitation of royalist planters in the colony). The UK only managed to control the coastal towns and offshore islands during the entire period of the occupation (1793-1798) and finally withdrew from the colony (except Tortuga island off the northern shore, Vache island and Navassa island off the southern shore and Gonave island (the big island) in the bay of Port-au-Prince). In 1803 the British finally evacuated Tortuga, Gonvae and Vache island, but kept Navassa island (which was uninhabited, except by the occassional fishermen passing through and by persons landing on the island to collect bat guano for fertilizer), annexing it to their colony of Jamaica. In 1804 St. Dominique was declared independent as Haiti/Hayti (or Hayiti). From 1801 the revolutionaries in St. Dominique had conquered the Spanish part of the island, Santo Domingo, so in 1804 the new Republic of Hayti encompassed the entire island.
1808- a rebellion in the former colony of Santo Domingo is put down.
1821- a second rebellion in the former Santo Domingo is again put down, this time more brutally. By now, most of the whites on Hispaniola have been massacred or have fled. In the former Santo Domingo, the mulattoes who supported revolt against Hayiti were almost all of them rounded and massacred. The Spanish-fluent upper class, by now got the picture and fled to Puerto Rico and Cuba and encouraged Spanish intervention.
1822- Spain lands a party on the island of Hispaniola in an attempt to reconquer the colony. The Spanish-Haitian war will last until 1835.
1835- Haitian forces manage to finally drive the Spanish out of Hispaniola and with them, all of their supporters.
1825-1850- The UPA attempts to buy Cuba and Puerto Rico from Spain but without success.
1858- After a number of years of urging by Britain and the Netherlands and with a British guarantee of loans for emancipation, the UPA finally outlaws slavery in 1858 (in the UPA it is called Manumission). To ease the stress on the slave owners, the new amendment outlawing slavery requires all former slaves (as of the time of the amendment) to remain as indentured workers on their estates for the next 5 years (with a salary that is constantly upgraded due to inflation).
1859- Inspired by the Haitians as well as the UPA's recent banning of slavery, numerous slave rebellions happen in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Some of these rebellions inspire anti-Spanish revolts.